They could come no closer. If they tried, there was no telling what would happen. They knew their place in society. They were outcasts, bearers of a disease so contagious that no one would come near, not even their families. And though they had their own communities, they would never experience the fullness of life that others enjoyed. They were isolated, cut off, abandoned.
But then, one day, these 10 lepers gathered by the side of the road-at a safe distance, of course. Jesus was coming! The word on the streets was that this man might be able to help. But would he help them? Could he? As he began to pass by, they took a deep breath and shouted at the top of their lungs, “Jesus, Master, have mercy on us!” They shouted again, even louder. Surely, Jesus would have mercy on them. And he did.
A God of Mercy
Like a golden thread, the theme of God’s mercy is woven through the fabric of Holy Scripture. In mercy, God did not bring an immediate end to the lives of Adam and Eve. In mercy, God used the scheming of 10 brothers to elevate Joseph to a position from which he could preserve the lives of his family-as well as a significant portion of the ancient world. In mercy, God heard the cries of his people and rescued them from bondage in Egypt. In mercy, he preserved this rebellious multitude during 40 years of wandering in the desert sand.
In mercy, God… . So the story goes to this very day.
Among the countless accounts of God’s mercy, one stands out. As the Israelites descended to the depths of idolatry by worshiping a calf made of gold, God announced to Moses on the mountaintop that he was going to wipe out the entire nation. Moses interceded for the people with these words:
Turn from your fierce anger; relent and do not bring disaster on your people. Remember your servants Abraham, Isaac and Israel, to whom you swore by your own self: “I will make your descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky and I will give your descendants all this land I promised them, and it will be their inheritance forever” (Ex 32:12b-13).
And God relented, sparing his people the punishment they deserved.
Shortly thereafter, God used these words to describe himself:
The Lord, the Lord, the compassionate and gracious God, slow to anger, abounding in love and faithfulness, maintaining love to thousands, and forgiving wickedness, rebellion and sin (Ex 34:6b-7a).
These words so perfectly summarize God’s essence that they are repeated no less than seven times in the Old Testament (Num 14:18; Neh 9:17; Ps 86:15; 103:8; 145:8; Joel 2:13; Jonah 4:2). Again and again God showed what it meant to be slow to anger as his stiff-necked people turned from him. And in spite of their rejection of him, he demonstrated a faithfulness that was nothing less than divine.
It was, of course, in the sending of his Son that God revealed the depths of his merciful heart. St. Paul captures the essence of that mercy in these words: “But God demonstrates his own love for us in this: While we were still sinners, Christ died for us” (Rom. 5:8). Martin Luther explains it in this way:
There was no counsel, no help, no comfort for us until this only and eternal Son of God, in his unfathomable goodness, had mercy on our misery and wretchedness and came from heaven to help us… . He snatched us, poor lost creatures, from the jaws of hell, won us, made us free, and restored us to the Father’s favor and grace (Large Catechism, II 29, 30).
And then, in these poignant words, Luther summarizes the whole purpose for Jesus’ coming:
We could never come to recognize the Father’s favor and grace were it not for the Lord Christ, who is a mirror of the Father’s heart (LC II 65).
This is the heart and essence of the Church’s proclamation: God has had mercy on us!
Kyrie Eleison
For centuries, Kyrie eleison (Greek for “Lord, have mercy”) has been used in the Church’s liturgy. Though there have been occasions when these words have been used as a plea for forgiveness, the primary use of Kyrie eleison has been from the biblical perspective described above. Confident of God’s mercy, we call on him and hold him to his promise to show mercy.
The history of the Kyrie in the liturgy is a complicated one. In the fourth century, the Eastern Church used the Kyrie as the people’s response to a series of petitions. Later, the Kyrie became separated from the prayers and was used alone. During the Middle Ages, the Kyrie was troped. (A trope is an insertion of words.) For example, the following was a popular trope of the Kyrie:
Kyrie, God Father in heav’n above,
You abound in gracious love,
Of all things the maker and preserver.
Eleison, eleison!
Kyrie, O Christ, our king,
Salvation for all you came to bring.
O Lord Jesus, God’s own Son,
Our mediator at the heav’nly throne,
Hear our cry and grant our supplication.
Eleison, eleison!
Kyrie, O God the Holy Ghost,
Guard our faith, the gift we need the most,
And bless our life’s last hour
That we leave this sinful world with gladness.
Eleison, eleison! (LW 209; TLH 6)
Another popular use of the Kyrie was in the pre-Reformation German hymn form known as Leisen. Leisen hymns concluded each stanza with the refrain, “Lord, have mercy.” (In German, the Greek phrase Kyrie eleison was often contracted to Kyrieleis, from which the word Leisen is derived.) Several of Luther’s hymns use this form, including a Christmas hymn (LW 35; TLH 80), a Pentecost hymn (LW 155; TLH 231), and a communion hymn (LW 238; TLH 313). In his hymn on the Ten Commandments (LW 331; TLH 287), Luther also uses this form. Here is the stanza explaining the Seventh Commandment:
You shall not steal or cheat away
What others worked for night and day,
But open up a gen’rous hand
To feed the poor in the land.
Have mercy, Lord! (LW 331:8)
There can be no more fitting conclusion to God’s commandments than to call on him for mercy to assist us in keeping them!
More recently, the Lutheran liturgy has seen a return of the Eastern form of the Kyrie, sometimes referred to as an Eketene Kyrie. (The form in which it appears in Divine Service II in Lutheran Worship is provided in the inset.) Here we plead for God’s mercy, not just for ourselves, but on behalf of others as well. We pray, indeed, for our salvation. But we also pray that God would grant peace to our troubled world. We pray for the Church and for all who come to God’s house to receive his good gifts and to thank and praise him. Throughout, the refrain is the same: Lord, have mercy.
Through its continued use, the Kyrie reminds us that our God is merciful, gracious, compassionate, slow to anger, etc. Though the world would love to tempt us to take this mercy for granted and to rely on ourselves, this ancient voice of the liturgy gives us a truly biblical perspective as we come into God’s presence. We stand before him only by his grace; yet, on the basis of that grace, we are bold to say: “Lord, have mercy!”
In peace, let us pray to the Lord.
Lord, have mercy.
For the peace form above and for our salvation let us pray to the Lord.
Lord, have mercy.
For the peace of the whole world, for the well-being of the church of God, and for the unity of all let us pray to the Lord.
Lord, have mercy.
For this holy house and for all who offer here their worship and praise let us pray to the Lord.
Lord, have mercy.
Help, save, comfort, and defend us, gracious Lord.
Amen.